Rock climbing olympics results 2024. Find out who took home gold, silver and bronze in 2020.

Rock climbing olympics results 2024 Climb. Lee Dohyun looked to be in total shock after clinching overall first place in the sport climbing men's Boulder & Lead at the Olympic Qualifier Series Shanghai, on Sunday (18 May). Paris 2024. (See the bottom of this article for a detailed blow by blow of the boulders. Oceania Mackenzie and Campbell Harrison are the two athletes selected in the Australian sport climbing team at the Paris 2024 Olympics, announced by the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC). 5 points. [Also read: Technical Issues & New World Records in Women’s Olympic Speed Climbing] Jinbao Long vs. And now it’s making an appearance again in Paris! If you’re new to watching rock climbing at the Olympics, here’s a guide to help you understand and appreciate the excitement. Results Olympic Qualifier Series The Women's Sport Climbing Boulder & Lead Finals were held on 10/08/2024 at Le Bourget Climbing Venue, Paris. com may not be optimized for users browsing with Internet Explorer 11, 10 or The second half of the men’s and women’s Boulder & Lead qualifications opened day two at the Olympic Qualifier Series in Shanghai, China. Officials Seminar. Janja Garnbret’s rivals may well have a metaphorical mountain to climb if they are to topple sport climbing’s all-conquering Olympic and world champion. First selected as one of the discretionary sports at the 2020 and 2024 games, sport climbing will be inducted as one of the mandatory sports at the 2028 games. Relive the thrilling moments of the Sport Climbing events at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Sam Watson was a kid from Texas dreaming of going to the Olympics; this year, he’s heading to Paris to represent Team USA in Olympic climbing. Olympics category REVIEW Olympics-Basketball-Double-bill finale sets up worthy France-US rivalry after Paris August 12, 2024 Sports category Boxing-Gender dispute, power struggle steal spotlight Sport Climbing - Olympics. 04s quicker in the elimination heats as a sublime world record of 4. You can watch Sport Climbing on TeamUSA. Climbing made its Olympic debut at Tokyo 2020 with a single men’s The women’s speed qualification round got off with a bang. 6 points out of a possible Connect with everything you need to know about sport climbing. She earned a score of 99. Team GB teenager Toby Roberts won a stunning sport climbing gold in the men’s Boulder & Lead at Paris 2024. After setting a couple world speed climbing records this week, American Sam Watson fell to China’s Peng Wu, who was then beaten by Indonesia’s Leonardo Veddriq. Olympic Sport Climbing Results. Veddriq took gold in 4. com and the official Olympics app for mobile devices. Here are five head-to-head races that kept fans on the edge of their seats. 4, Lead: 84. Team USA's Brooke Raboutou won silver in the boulder and lead sport climbing final at the 2024 Paris Games on Saturday. 30 (April 24, 2024; North American Cup Series Salt Lake City 2024) Currently holds the Women’s Speed Pan American Record: 6. All three were contested as a single event in the 2020 Watch all the action from Budapest on our app: https://oly. Highlights from the American men's qualification performances at the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. For full event coverage, visit Olympics. Each NOC could only send a maximum of four climbers with an equal split between men and women. A day after Aleksandra Mirosław won women’s Speed gold, Leonardo joined the Polish superstar in making history at the Olympic Games, also winning Indonesia their first Official Sport Climbing results from the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. 5 (Boulder: 84. Find out who took home gold, silver and bronze in 2020. Share This: share on facebook; share on X; Slovenia's Janja Garnbret completed every bouldering problem in the Olympic women's bouldering semifinal. Sport Climbing will make its second Olympic appearance from August 5-10, 2024 at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Team USA is the only team to fill all quota places in Sport Climbing, with eight athletes competing across two medal events, Boulder & Lead and Speed. The Paris 2024 line-up is now complete after Speed athletes were confirmed yesterday and the men’s and women’s Boulder & Lead athletes were confirmed today to add to the qualified Official Sport Climbing results from the Paris 2024 Olympics. These qualification spots will be awarded as follows: [2] [3] [4] 2024 Olympic Qualifier Series - Shanghai, China Sport Climbing's second Olympic showing kicked off today at Le Bourget in the northeastern suburbs of Paris. In Paris, two gold medals will be awarded for the men Jessica Pilz of Team Austria climbs during the Women's Semifinal Lead on day thirteen of the Olympic Games Paris 2024 at Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue on August 08. Gold medallist Janja Garnbret of Slovenia, center, poses for a photo with silver medallist Brooke Raboutou of the United States, left, and bronze medallist Jessica Pilz of Austria during the women’s boulder and lead final for the sport climbing competition at the 2024 Summer Olympics, Saturday, Aug. 79 seconds in the seeding round, 18-year-old Watson went 0. LE BOURGET, France — Speed climbing is a blink-and-you’ll-miss-it sport. World. The Three Disciplines S port Climbing's second Olympic showing kicked off today at Le Bourget in the northeastern suburbs of Paris. However, this is Hanna’s first Gold performance, which was also his ticket onto the The Olympic Games Paris 2024 took place in the French capital city from 26 July to 11 August. Reviewing sport climbing's biggest stories, replays, medal results, top athletes, and new records at the 2024 Paris Olympics. The Team Trials selected the elite squad that will soon travel around the globe representing the USA at IFSC’s events, with the eventual goal of qualifying for the Paris 2024 Olympics. Learn how champions will be crowned in sport climbing at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Learn about the different medal events and how each round is scored. It was six years ago, just before sport climbing was added to the Olympic programme, that the Briton and his father-coach Tristan Roberts first concocted the In Sport Climbing, athletes compete in three disciplines: lead climbing, bouldering and speed climbing. 75 seconds. Raboutou and Pilz earned silver and bronze, respectively. The men's Boulder semi-final filled the 6,000-capacity stand and many athletes had their first taste of competing on the world's biggest sporting stage. Slovenia's Janja Garnbret, the heavy favorite, won the first-ever gold medal in women's sport climbing, while a pair of Japanese climbers earned silver and bronze at their home Olympics. Half of the field recorded personal bests and broke the Olympic record several times until Poland's Aleksandra Miroslaw smashed the world record twice with a final best time of 6. At the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games each climber was required to compete in all three disciplines, with the final ranking determined The 2024 USA Climbing National Team Trials will be held at Sportrock Rio in Gaithersburg, MD on March 5-8, 2024. The result site of IFSC climbing competitions, with starters, live results and rankings powered by Vertical-Life American Sam Watson had mixed feelings after he broke his own world record for speed sport climbing at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Zach The final day of the Olympic Qualifier Series – for both Budapest and the two event Series – confirmed the final Paris 2024 Speed Climbing qualified athletes. Men’s Boulder & Lead Semifinal Official Sport Climbing results from the Paris 2024 Olympics. Sorato Anraku 07:36 Friday 9th August, day 5 of sport climbing at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. 21 seconds How To Watch the 2024 Para Climbing National Championships March 9, 2024. Competition Dates: August 5-10 (Days 10-15) Events: 4 (2 men, 2 women) Sport climbing made its Olympic debut at Tokyo 2020 where all three Sport Climbing news, videos, live streams, schedule, results, medals and more from the 2024 Winter Olympic Games in Paris. com Sport climbing, which debuted as an Olympic sport at the Tokyo 2020 Games, will return to the program at Paris 2024, with the first competition scheduled for Monday, August 5. This year’s National Team Trials event will highlight all three climbing disciplines: Boulder, Lead and Speed. IFSC NEWS ALL INSTITUTIONAL NEWS. The Women's Boulder & Lead Finals took place at Le Bourget Climbing Venue, France, on 10/08/2024. 08 seconds ahead of China's Deng Lijuan to win gold wit Toby Roberts: ‘Fighting hard’ for gold. Chase Emmer won in men's foil on Friday at Penn State's Multi-Sport Facility Janja Garnbret is a two-time Olympic champion after winning the Boulder & Lead final at Paris 2024. Climbing This guide breaks down the official competition format for Olympic sport climbing's speed event and bouldering and lead combined event. Explore discipline-specific scores and results, including combined, men, women Paris 2024; Olympic Qualifier Series; Tokyo 2020; YOG Buenos Aires 2018; IFSC. com may ©IOC 2025 Official Results powered by Atos. S. News and Insights. Teams. American Emma Hunt qualified for the final as the next fastest climber — 0. Venue: Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue. The women’s combined finals, ending just now with the lead portion, was the last event. 3 seconds behind Miroslaw — for a Paris 2024 Olympics - Climbing - Women's Boulder & Lead, Final Lead - Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue, Le Bourget, France - August 10, 2024. Olympics. com, the NBC Olympics app, and Peacock. Up-to-date schedules, as well as live results, will be available on Olympics. 6; Lead: 96. 1) How Climbing and Rock and Ice Are Stronger Together. Recent Career Highlights: Was the youngest Olympic sport climbing: Team USA schedule for 2024 Paris Games Olympic sport climbers face vexing boulders as competition gets underway at Paris Games Paris Olympics live updates Monday: Lyles The news about the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris is presented by Mammut and Unparallel. . Jakob Schubert 5. With a Speed event and a combined Boulder & Lead event in Paris, the number of medal events for Sport Climbing doubled from two at the Tokyo Games to four in Paris. Olympic Games; Athletes; Sports; News; Olympic Channel; Let's Move But her Combined score resulted in a gold medal—making Garnbret the sport’s first back-to-back Olympic gold medalist. one gold medal was awarded after athletes competed in all three disciplines and the final scores reflected the combined results. Rock climbing made its Olympic debut at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics, bringing this exhilarating sport to a global audience. This article tagged under: 2024 Paris Olympics The Paris Olympics 2024 is a chance for athletes from 206 nations to showcase their skills in a variety of events, and one of the newer additions to that roster is an exciting and modern event, Sport When Sam Watson set a speed climbing world record of 4. 36 (August 5, 2024; Olympic Games Paris 2024) Has 6 IFSC World Cup podium finishes The 2025 USA Climbing National Team Trials presented by YETI were held at Mesa Rim in Austin, TX on March 12-16, 2025. Richard Aspland. Roberts, with the gold medal and fragment of Eiffel Tower iron now around his neck, would be the first to admit that this exact moment has been a long time in the making. 1. 75s helped him reach the last eight. In preparation for the event, we would like to provide athletes with information related to in-person classifications ahead of Nationals so you may begin planning and submitting any necessary documentation to USA Climbing. 0 (Ubuntu) Britain's Toby Roberts competing in the men's sport climbing lead semi final during the Paris 2024 Olympic Games at Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue in Le Bourget on August 7, 2024. After today's tumultuous (and poorly set) lead semifinal, where numerous top names struggled, Friday's final will be a mix of favorites and upstarts. Athletes compete in the disciplines of bouldering, lead climbing, and speed climbing. The combined Boulder At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics all three sport climbing formats were grouped into one combined medal event for each gender. Three years on from winning the combined event at Tokyo 2020, the Slovenian sport climbing great reigned supreme 301 Moved Permanently. [1] [4] The inclusion was proposed by the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) in 2015. The Slovenian produced a near-perfect Bouldering display in the women’s semi-finals, scoring 99. 06 in her second, to better the mark set before Paris of 301 Moved Permanently Relive the thrilling moments of the Sport Climbing events at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Follow @usaclimbing on social media for competition updates and behind-the-scenes action. For the first time 68 athletes will compete in two separate disciplines: Boulder & Lead and Speed. At the bottom of the recap is a list of Sport Climbing’s first women medalists and the Aleksandra Miroslaw wasn't messing around in the women's speed event qualification round on the first day of sport climbing at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. 10, 2024, in Le Bourget, France. Skate. Full list of gold, silver and bronze medallists as well as photos and videos of medal-winning moments. Wednesday, April 02, 2025 7:24 pm (Paris) the Bourget climbing site (rock climbing), the Stade de France in Saint-Denis USA’s Sam Watson broke his own Speed world record on his way to the quarter-finals of the sport climbing event at Paris 2024. com may ©IOC 2025 An epic Bouldering final in Women's Olympic Sport Climbing sets us up for a big showdown in Lead later this morning. Milano Cortina Watch highlight's of Natalie Grossman in the Women's Boulder Semifinal as she qualifies in 5th. Menu. Differently from qualification rounds at regular World Cups and Championships, in Shanghai the 96 participating athletes had only one Lead route to climb, with points being added to their score in yesterday’s Boulder phase, and On August 3, 2016, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) formally announced that competition climbing would be a medal sport in the 2020 Summer Olympics. In Tokyo, there were 40 athletes fighting for Olympic medals in sport climbing. But medal or no medal, Adam Ondra still just "lives to climb", and climbs to "feel alive". 6 out of a possible 100, as French hope Oriane Bertone outlined her credentials at Paris 2024. 75 seconds in the Parisian suburbs, where a temporary climbing wall has been installed for the Olympics, he became the owner of a unique Poland's Aleksandra Miroslaw became speed climbing's first Olympic champion as she flew up the wall 0. Janja Garnbret (SLO): 168. August 5, 2024, 8:09 AM. ch/OQSAPPyt Witness the power, dedication, and skill of Olympic athletes as they compete for their Gold medallist Aleksandra Miroslaw of Poland, center, poses for a mobile phone photo with silver medallist Deng Lijuan of China, left, and bronze medallist Aleksandra Kalucka of Poland after the women’s speed final during the sport climbing competition at the 2024 Summer Olympics, Wednesday, Aug. Toby Roberts wins Great Britain's 14th gold in Paris and their first medal in sport climbing at an Olympics in the boulder and lead event. A total of 40 climbers (twenty per gender) will compete in the men's and women's competition bouldering-and-competition lead climbing combined event for Paris 2024. 06 seconds. Although she didn't finish on the podium Sport climbing kicked off at the 2024 Paris Olympics on Monday with cheering fans marking the sport’s second time at the Games after a toned-down debut during the previous Games. Erin Janja Garnbret of Slovenia celebrates with USA Climbing’s National Team Trials rolled through Mesa Rim in Austin, Texas, this weekend—marking the unofficial start of the 2023 World Cup season hype for American fans. com SHANGHAI 2024 SCHEDULE. Janja Garnbret (SLO) took Gold, Brooke Raboutou (USA) Silver and Jessica Pilz (AUT) completed the podium. 2024 Olympic Team. We have our winners. The Olympic Games also saw a significant increase in the number of Sport Climbing athletes participating in That concludes Sport Climbing at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Toby Roberts 8. Official Sport Climbing results from the Paris 2024 Olympics. 301 Moved Permanently Olympic Games Paris 2024: 5th Place (Women’s Speed) Currently holds the Women’s Speed National Record: 6. Official medal table of the Summer Olympic Games in Paris. The Polish athlete broke her own world record – twice – and by default her Olympic Record, securing a time of 6. 18. The 23-year-old from Boulder, Colorado, made history in the processes Olympic Qualifier Series Budapest 2024 - International Federation of Budapest Home » Sports » Olympic Sport Climbing Results. RESULTS. The men's Boulder semi-final filled the 6,000-ca USA Climbing will be holding the 2025 Para Climbing Nationals Championships on March 1-2 at Touchstone Pacific Pipe in Oakland, CA. Note: Some components of NBCOlympics. athletes after the conclusion of this event will join those athletes who are already selected to the U. SECTIONS. Over the course of 12 days in Bern, Switzerland, more than 400 competitors from 54 different countries participated in four different disciplines, ultimately coming to a crescendo with 10 Olympic berths. Follow the full results of the Paris 2024 Olympics with « Le Monde ». 21 in her first timed run, then 6. Indonesia’s Veddriq Leonardo scaled to victory to win the inaugural men’s Speed gold in the sport climbing at Paris 2024, as USA’s Sam Watson broke his own world record to take home the bronze. Timing and results management by Omega. Toby Roberts of Britain reacts. Explore discipline-specific scores and results, including combined, Explore the scores and performances of each combined in sport Climbing. Brooke Raboutou (USA) won the Silver and Jessica Pilz (AUT) completed the podium. Spain's Alberto Gines Lopez took gold in the men's event while Slovenia's Sport climbing: Anraku Sorato and Adam Ondra advance to Boulder and Toby Roberts, 19, claims sport climbing gold for Great Britain after Japans Sorato Anraku falls; Team GB now have 14 gold medals at Paris Olympics; Katarina Johnson-Thompson falls agonisingly Sport climbing opens at the 2024 Paris Olympics with four challenging problems in the men's boulder semifinal. The competition begins at 10:15 with Boulder. Quota places are allocated to the athletes by name. Watch the women's and men's Sport Climbing Speed finals live stream for free. With most athletes finishing in around five seconds, it’s an event a sprinter and Spider-man would have concocted. The 2024 USA Climbing Para Climbing National Championships will be held at Sportrock Rio in Gaithersburg, MD on March 9-10, 2024. Women’s Sport Climbing Semifinal Results. At twenty-one, Oceana has already broken multiple Australian climbing records, including the best Australian female results at the World Championships and best overall Australian result in bouldering for 2023. The top three (3) ranked U. IOC; Milano Cortina 2026; LA 2028; Brisbane 2032; Museum; Shop; Airbnb; Olympic Refuge Foundation; English. ) How Climbing and Rock and Ice Are Stronger Together. Janja Garnbret: 195. The Associated Press. 1) How Climbing and Rock and Ice Are Official Sport Climbing results from the Paris 2024 Olympics. Thursday, 16 May (UTC+8:00): 10:30 – Boulder & Lead qualifications, Boulder phase • Men's results • Women's results Friday, 17 May: 10:00 – Boulder & Lead qualifications, Lead phase • Men's results • Women's results 16:50 – Women's Speed qualification • Results 17:45 – Men's Speed qualification • Results Saturday, 18 May: In the spirit of reconciliation, SCA acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of country throughout Australia and their connections to land, sea and community. Czech climber Adam Ondra, widely considered the strongest climber in the world, famously derided Speed as an “artificial discipline. Ondra has reigned supreme at some point in lead, bouldering, and combined, but his more traditional skillset means he should have more chance of getting in the medals at Paris 2024 - when sport climbing will be split into speed climbing and bouldering/lead. Athletes. 301 Moved Permanently Climbing officially began its march toward the 2024 Paris Olympics with the conclusion of the recent World Championships. Check the classification in all the tests and modalities of Sport climbing in the Olympics on Marca. 301 Moved Permanently. Results. Sport Climbing will return for the Olympic Games Los Angeles 2028. All in one place. About the IFSC; About; Structure; Executive Board; General Assembly; NATIONAL FEDERATIONS; USA's Raboutou is featuring in her second Olympic Games, just like Sport Climbing 04 August 2024. as a pa LE BOURGET, France (AP) — The sport climbing competition is coming to a close at the Paris Games with athletes celebrating the decision to separate the speed discipline from boulder and lead. Hamish McArthur 2. Colin Duffy 3. Photo: Luke Hales/Getty. The sport made its Olympic debut in Tokyo three years ago and awarded only one medal each for the men and women, combining the results from all three disciplines in an The action-packed seeding and elimination portion of Olympic Speed climbing continued this morning, with the men’s division providing big surprises and shattered records. Britain's Toby Roberts competing in the men's sport climbing lead Scores for medal events only in the 2024 Olympic Games. 7 (Boulder: 99. 0 (Ubuntu) After setting a couple world speed climbing records this week, American Sam Watson fell to China’s Peng Wu, who was then beaten by Indonesia’s Leonardo Veddriq. Adam Ondra 7. Don't miss the Olympic Qualifier Series 2024 in Budapest, Hungary. [5]The decision to combine three disciplines of lead climbing, bouldering, and speed climbing with one set of The Paris 2024 Olympics sport climbing events get underway on Monday, August 5, and will take place at Le Bourget, a purpose-built climbing facility on the outskirts of Paris. Discover all the sporting accomplishments at the 2024 Olympics in Paris on our dedicated sport Climbing results page. Japan's Sorato Anraku took a commanding lead after he was the only competitor to top multiple problems. And with that, the Olympics have now concluded, for both men and women. since no one finished it—yielded a nice mixture of zone 1 and zone 2 results. Paris 2024 Olympics sport climbing: Preview, full schedule and how to Sport Climbing at Paris 2024. At the Olympic Games in Paris, where sport climbing is taking part for the second time, the starting field already consists of 68 climbers. Here's the starting list, in reverse order of the Semifinal results: 1. Schedules. Janja Garnbret has won the first Olympic gold for women in sport climbing. Break. Paul Jenft 4. The top two (2) ranked U. Find an alphabetical list of medals and celebrate the achievements of 2024's finest athletes Competition climbing at the 2024 Summer Olympics took place from 5 to 10 August at Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue in Saint-Denis, returning to the program for the second time since the Discover all the sporting accomplishments at the 2024 Olympics in Paris on our dedicated sport Climbing results page. ” When I interviewed Adam Ondra in quarantine in early 2021 for my Rock and Ice column, “Away from the Wall,” he told me that he was struggling to implement Speed into his repertoire. Sport Climbing | Olympic Qualifier Series 2024 | Men’s Lead Final Results of Men's Speed at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. Coming into the Olympic Games Paris 2024, LE BOURGET, France -- Aleksandra Miroslaw of Poland twice broke her own sport climbing world record in the women's speed event at the Paris Olympics on Monday. Toby Roberts, 19, claims sport climbing gold for Great Britain after Japans Sorato Anraku falls; Team GB now have 14 gold medals at Paris Olympics; Katarina Johnson-Thompson falls agonisingly Colin Duffy Takes Home the Silver Medal for Combined Finals and Qualifies for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris! USA National Team Member, Colin Duffy was able to claim the second place podium position during today’s Combined Finals event at the 2023 IFSC Climbing World Championships in Bern, SUI! Along with his silver medal, Colin has also earned a Paris 2024 Olympic News - Stories from 2024 You can rewatch all the Speed rounds of the Olympic Qualifier Series on Olympics. The Republic of Korea athlete, who finished third in last November's IFSC Asian Qualifier, began the day by securing fourth place in the eight-man Boulder final. com. Skip to main content Note: Some components of NBCOlympics. Hanna is no stranger to the National Team Trials podium, having earned Bronze in both Lead and Boulder at the 2024 National Team Trials. 7, 2024, in Le Bourget, France. Ride. Alberto Ginés López 6. Here were the biggest and best moments from the Lead portion, the “grand finale” of the men’s Sport Climbing discipline at the 2024 Olympics. Watch Sport Climbing full replay video from the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. athletes per gender in each category will go on to represent the U. IOC; Milano Cortina 2026; LA 2028; Brisbane 2032; Museum; Shop; Airbnb; Find out who took home gold, silver and bronze in 2020. “If I could turn back the clock I would have started The Olympic Games Paris 2024 are happening from July 26–August 11, with Sport Climbing making its second Olympic appearance from August 5–10. nginx/1. There are three Competition climbing has been held at two editions of the Summer Olympic Games. Official results of the sport-climbing Men's Combined event at the Tokyo Summer Olympics. com Sport climbing takes place at the Paris 2024 Summer Olympic Games from 5 August to 10 August at the Le Bourget Climbing venue. It boasts five walls [1/3] Paris 2024 Olympics - Climbing - Men's Boulder & Lead, Final Boulder - Le Bourget Sport Climbing Venue, Le Bourget, France - August 09, 2024. The ultimate stage for athletes to qualify for Paris 2024 was split between China and Hungary, with part one of the first-ever Olympic Qualifier Series taking place in Shanghai from 16 to 19 May, and the second At the 2024 Summer Olympics, sport climbing will showcase strength, strategy, speed, and power and pack wall-to-wall thrills. Mackenzie will take Sport Climbing | Olympic Qualifier Series 2024 | Boulder Qualifications Watch Sport Climbing full replay video from the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. Women’s Combined Boulder & Lead Sport Climbing final results. Oceania Mackenzie. Just moments after Indonesia’s Veddriq Leonardo matched the record of 4. Janja Garnbret (SLO) won the Gold with a total of 168. Official results of the sport-climbing Women's Combined event at the Tokyo Summer Olympics. Miroslaw set a time of 6. geynf wknbkx oytnpgl nxrz zxvdi fbh llwt zizj bkdh lagukp gtpr bemuidw nkjmndeb knjjou uppd